Surface integrity is a multifaceted concept within materials science and manufacturing engineering that characterizes the state of the surface and subsurface layers of a material following processing operations. It investigates the complex alterations induced by manufacturing processes, encompassing changes in mechanical properties (e.g., residual stress, hardness), metallurgical structure, chemical composition, and surface topography. The significance of surface integrity lies in its critical influence on component performance, reliability, and service life, particularly affecting characteristics such as fatigue strength, wear resistance, corrosion behavior, and fracture toughness.